Index
Chapter 1 The 4 Dimensions of the Universe
1.1 The 4 Dimensions observed in our Universe
1.2 Definition of 4-dimensional Space and Classical Physics
1.3 Frame of Reference / System of Coordinates
1.4 Space Time Continuum
1.5 Relativity and more dimensions
Chapter 2 The 5th Dimension and Velocity Relationships
2.1 Definition of 5-dimensional Space and Physics in 5 Dimensions
2.2 Relative Velocity between Objects and Observers
2.3 Observer's Perspective of the Relative Velocity of Objects
2.3.1 Observer's Perspective in 5-dimensional space
2.3.2 Observer's Perspective in 4-dimensional space
2.4 Velocity Relationships
2.5 Physical Objectivity
Chapter 3 Relativistic Mass and Momentum
3.1 Relativistic Momentum
3.2 Observer's View of Space and Relativistic Mass
3.2.1 Option 1 - Observer in 5-dimensional space
3.2.2 Option 2 - Observer in 4-dimensional space
Chapter 4 Speed of Light c
4.1 The "common constant velocity" is the speed of light c
4.2 The measured value of c
4.3 The point of view of relativistic mass is critical!
Chapter 5 Relativistic Energy
5.1 Energy of Matter - 4-dimensional space
5.1.1 Deriving 4-dimensional space Expressions of Energy
5.1.2 4-dimensional space Energy and Momentum Relationships
5.2 Energy of Matter - 5-dimensional space
5.2.1 Deriving 5-dimensional space Expressions of Energy
5.2.2 5-dimensional space Energy and Momentum Relationships
5.2.3 5-dimensional space Definitions of Kinetic Energy
5.3 Comparison of Relativistic Energy Relationships
5.3.1 Total Relativistic Energy is Constant
5.3.2 Sharing potential and kinetic energy in 4- and 5-dimensional space
5.3.3 4- and 5-dimensional space energy expressions are compatible
5.3.4 Examples of 5-dimensional Energy Calculations
5.3.4.1 Earth moving around the Sun
5.3.4.2 Electron moving around a nucleus
5.3.5 Energy of Attractive Forces (Gravity and Coulomb calculations)
5.3.5.1 Calculation of the earth's energy relative to the force of gravity
5.3.5.2 Calculation of the electron energy in Bohr's model
Chapter 6 Radiation, Particles, Waves and Origin of Matter
6.1 Thermal Radiation, Planck's Constant and Einstein's Concept of Photons
6.1.1 Thermal Radiation
6.1.2 Classical Theory
6.1.3 Planck's Theory of cavity radiation (1905)
6.1.4 Einstein's Concept of Photons
6.1.5 Summary - Thermal Radiation
6.2 Particle Behaviour of Electromagnetic Radiation
6.2.1 Photoelectric Effect
6.2.2 The Compton Effect
6.2.2.1 Auther H. Compton - May 1923 - Quantum Theory of Scattering of X-rays
6.2.2.2 Relativistic relationships in Compton's own paper and 5-dimensional space:
6.2.2.3 Compton's Effect in 5-dimensional space
6.2.2.4 Difference between 4- & 5-dimensional space momentum vectors
6.2.2.5 Compton momentum vectors p & p' related to 4- & 5-dimensional space theory
6.2.2.6 Compton Energy Scalars
6.2.2.7 Validity of the Compton Effect
6.2.2.8 Summary - Compton's Effect
6.2.3 Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
6.2.4 Photons and X-ray Production
6.2.5 Pair Production and Pair Annihilation
6.2.6 Cross Sections for Photon Absorption and Scattering
6.2.7 Summary - Particle Behaviour of Electromagnetic Radiation
6.3 Wave Nature of Particles
6.3.1 Matter Waves - de Broglie's Postulate
6.3.2 Dual Nature of Matter
6.3.3 The Uncertainty Principle
6.3.4 Single Electron Diffraction
6.3.5 The Properties of Matter Waves
6.3.6 Valid expressions for dE / dp
6.3.6.1 Derivation of the group velocity g
6.3.6.2 5-dimensional space derivation of the group velocity g5
6.3.6.3 De Broglie Vector Diagram
6.3.7 Condition for using De Broglie's Postulate in 5-dimensional space
6.3.8 Summary - Wave Nature of Particles
6.4 The Origin of Matter
6.4.1 5-dimensional Kinetic Energy is Relative to the Observer
6.4.2 De Broglie's postulate linked exclusively with the common constant velocity c
6.4.3 Group Energy of Matter Waves
6.4.4 Hypothesis: The origin of matter is electromagnetic radiation
6.4.5 5-dimensional space and the Uncertainty Principle
6.4.6 5-dimensional space and the Dual Nature of Matter
6.4.7 Summary - The Origin of Matter
Chapter 7 Theory of Quantum Mechanics
7.1 A brief history of wave mechanics
7.2 Schrödinger's quantum theory and equations
7.2.1 Schrödinger's theory of quantum mechanics
7.2.2 Schrödinger Equations
7.2.3 Wave function and its complex conjugate
7.2.4 Born's Interpretation of wave functions
7.2.4.1 Quantum mechanical calculation of the simple harmonic oscillator
7.2.4.2 Classical mechanical calculation of the simple harmonic oscillator
7.2.4.3 Normalising the quantum wave function of the simple harmonic oscillator
7.2.5 Expectation values
7.2.6 The time-independent Schrödinger equation
7.2.7 Eigenfunctions leading to energy quantisation in the Schrödinger theory.
7.2.8 Energy Quantisation in the Schrödinger Theory
7.2.8.1 Eigenfunction for a higher energy state of simple harmonic oscillator
7.2.9 Summary - Schrödinger's quantum theory and equations
7.2.9.1 5-dimensional space and Schrödinger's equation
7.3 Solutions to time-independent Schrödinger equations
Chapter 8 Quantum Non-Locality & Entanglement
8.1 Non-Local Single Photon
8.2 Predictions of the Quantum Theory of Matter
8.2.1 Sensing without touching!
8.2.2 Description of Physical Reality (EPR) 1935
8.2.3 Schrödinger's cat
8.3 Entanglement - Bell's Theory 1964
8.3.1 Quantum entanglement and the EPR paradox
8.3.2 Bell inequalities
8.3.3 After the inequality
8.3.4 Experimental Bell Tests
8.3.4.1 Experiment 1: Demonstration of single photon non-locality
8.3.4.2 Experiment 2: Demonstration of a Bell-type test of energy-time entangled qutrits
8.3.5 John Bell - The Man
8.4 Summary - Quantum Non-Locality & Entanglement
Chapter 9 Relativistic Space-Time Continuum
9.1 Relativistic Time and Length
9.1.1 Relativistic Time (Time dilation)
9.1.2 Relativistic Length (Length Dilation)
9.1.3 Example of Time & Length dilation: Muon Experiments
9.2 The Space-Time Continuum
9.2.1 Einstein and the Space-Time Continuum
9.2.2 5-dimensional Space-Time Continuum
Chapter 10 Shape of Space
10.1 Hypothesis: Closed Paths in Space
10.2 Hypothesis: Mass and Angular Momentum define all Matter
10.3 Model of local 5-dimensional space
10.3.1 Local space with radius R5s
10.3.2 Characteristics of local space
10.3.3 Limiting conditions of local space
10.4 Philosophy of 5-dimensional space
10.4.1 Two or more bodies form a local space
10.4.2 Local space is associated with a core mass M4
10.5 Summary - Shape of Space
Chapter 11 Motion in 5-dimensional space
11.1 Key data for calculating motion in 5-dimensional space
11.1.1 Relationships of Motion
11.1.2 Prime Data
11.1.3 Units of Measure & Scaling Factors z and A
11.1.4 Mass Number A
11.1.5 Analysis with respect to the prime data
11.2 5-dimensional Universal Equations of Motion
11.2.1 Calculation of zp
11.2.2 5-dimensional constant Б (Cyrillic b) for all particles and bodies
11.2.3 Universal Equations of Motion
11.3 Example results using the Universal Equations of Motion
11.3.1 Electron and the He Atom
11.3.2 Planet Earth
11.3.3 Atomic Number zp
11.4 Properties of parameter P - "local constant of dimensions"
11.4.1 Scaling factors Z and A as functions of velocity
11.4.2 Determining the value of P in local space
11.4.3 Conditions for parameter P to be constant in local space
11.4.4 5-dimensional space and matter waves
11.5 Summary - Motion in 5-dimensional space
Chapter 12 Physics of the Atom
12.1 Electromagnetic Radiation
12.2 First Models of the Atom
12.2.1 Thomson's Model
12.2.2 Rutherford's Model
12.2.3 Physical aspects
12.2.3.1 Stability of the atom
12.2.3.2 Atomic Spectra
12.2.4 First models of the atom
12.2.4.1 Bohr's Postulates
12.2.5 Bohr's Model
12.2.5.1 Correction for finite nuclear mass
12.2.5.2 Quantisation and Sommerfeld's model
12.3 One electron atom
12.3.1 Electrostatic equations and quantisation integer n
12.3.2 Electrostatic expression of electron energy E
12.3.3 Universal equations of motion, the quantisation integer n and the electron
12.3.4 Bohr model in 5-dimensional space
12.3.5 Doing away with the proton!
12.3.6 Schrödinger theory and probability densities for one electron atoms
12.4 Rydberg Constant in 5-dimensional space
12.4.1 Comparison of the universal Ru∞ and original R∞ Rydberg Constants
12.4.2 Example calculations of the universal Rydberg Constant Ru∞
12.4.3 Spectroscopic Notation
12.4.3.1 Optical spectra energy level diagrams
12.4.3.2 X-ray spectra energy level diagrams
12.4.3.3 Energy levels in 5-dimensional space
12.5 Multielectron Atoms
12.5.1 X-ray Line Spectra
12.5.1.1 Mosley's empirical data
12.5.1.2 Measured probability that a 82Pb atom will absorb an x-ray photon
12.5.2 Schrödinger Equation, Eigenfunctions and the Multielectron Atom
12.5.2.1 Identical Particles
12.5.2.2 Exclusion Principle
12.5.2.3 Exchange Forces
12.5.2.4 Summary - Schrödinger Equation, Eigenfunctions and the Multielectron Atom
12.5.3 Ionisation Energy of Multielectron Atoms
12.5.3.1 Ionisation Energy in 5-dimensional space
12.5.3.2 Hartree Theory and classical aspects of the Coulomb force
12.5.3.3 Results of the Hartree Theory
12.5.4 "n" as used by Planck, Einstein, Bohr, Hartree and 5-dimensional space
12.5.4.1 Planck and Einstein"n"
12.5.4.2 Bohr "n"
12.5.4.3 Hartree "n"
12.5.4.4 5-dimensional space "n"
12.5.5 Ground State of multielectron atoms and the periodic table
12.5.6 Simulation of Periodic Table
12.5.6.1 Simulation Method
12.5.7 Stable and unstable multielectron atoms
12.5.7.1 Multielectron atoms in 5-dimensional space
12.5.7.2 Properties of electrons in multielectron atoms
12.5.7.3 Multielectron atoms and radius R5s of 5-dimensional space
12.5.7.4 Unstable transuranic elements
12.5.8 Electromagnetic fields in 5-dimensional space
12.5.9 Relationship between Constants of Physics
12.6 Summary - Physics of the Atom
Chapter 13 Particle Momentum & Energy in 5-D Space
13.1 Charged Pion Decay
13.2 The Photon and Electron treated as particles in Compton's Effect
13.2.1 Change in kinetic energy of a particle with relative velocity v4p&st;c
13.2.2 Wavelength and energy calculations for the Compton Effect
13.2.3 Example of photon mass , momentum and energy in 5-dimensional space
13.2.4 Electron momentum and energy for the Compton Effect in 5-dimensional space
13.2.5 Conservation of energy involves only exchanges of relativistic kinetic energy
13.3 Photons treated as particles in the Mössbauer Effect
13.3.1 Scanning the Mössbauer peak
13.3.2 Conservation of momentum when a nucleus emits a gamma ray with recoil
13.3.3 Conservation of energy when a nucleus emits a gamma ray with recoil
13.3.4 Common ratio of gamma ray parameters resulting from the Doppler effect
13.3.5 Photon frequency in 4- and 5-dimensional space
13.3.6 The Doppler Effect and Wavelength Redshift
13.3.6.1 The Doppler Effect in 4-dimensional space
13.3.6.2 The Doppler Effect for a photon is always a "redshift" in 5-dimensional space
13.4 Summary - Particle Momentum & Energy in 5-dimensional space
13.4.1 Charged Pion Decay
13.4.2 The Compton Effect
13.4.3 The Mössbauer Effect
Chapter 14 Nuclear Decay
14.1 Alpha Decay
14.1.1 Decay Rate, Lifetime T and half-life T1/2
14.2 Beta Decay
14.3 Gamma Decay
Chapter 15 Nuclear Physics
15.1 Nuclear Models
15.1.1 Survey of some Nuclear Properties
15.1.1.1 Nuclear Properties obtained from the study of atoms and molecules
15.1.1.2 Nuclear Sizes and Densities
15.1.1.3 Nuclear Masses and Abundances
15.1.1.4 Binding Energy
15.1.2 Magic Numbers
15.1.3 Shell Model
15.1.4 Moon Model
15.2 Mass Excess calculations in 5-dimensional space
15.3 Reduction of mass - a fundamental feature of 5-D space theory
15.4 Nucleon angular momentum and radius of orbit in 5-D space
15.4.1 Neutron
15.4.2 Proton
15.4.3 Nuclei provide a stable frame of reference with many moving parts
15.5 Summary - Nuclear Physics
Chapter 16 Motion in 5-dimensional local space is Gravity
16.1 Gravity in classical physics
16.2 Gravity-like-behaviour in 5-dimensional space
16.3 The Pound and Snider Experiment
16.3.1 Conservation of Kinetic Energy in 5-dimensional space
16.3.2 Velocity calculations for the Pound & Snider Experiment
16.3.3 More about the Pound & Snider Experiment
16.3.4 The Doppler Effect, Mössbauer Effect and the Pound & Snider Experiment
16.3.5 Summary of the Pound & Snider Experiment and their results
16.3.6 Shape of 5-dimensional space for the Pound & Snider experiment
16.3.7 Physical Effect of the Pound & Snider Experiment
16.3.8 Summary - The Pound & Snider Experiment
16.4 Constrained motion of an object in 5-dimensional space
16.5 Conservation of energy within local 5-dimensional space
16.5.1 Common "energy change" scalar z
16.5.1.1 Change of kinetic energy is K5 in 5-dimensional local space
16.5.2 The limits of 5-dimensional local space
16.5.2.1 "Pre-local-space" and "Start-of-local-space"
16.5.2.2 "End-of-local-space"
16.5.2.3 Schwarzschild radius
16.5.2.4 5-dimensional space theory forecasts the natural mass limits for both nuclei and black holes
16.5.3 Energy in 5-dimensional local space
16.5.3.1 Conservation of energy within 5-dimensional local space - E = m c² = Va + Vf
16.5.3.2 General expression for the energy E of a body in 5-dimensional local space
16.5.3.3 Observer's view of energy in local space
16.6 Shape of local space and the central mass M4
16.6.1 Shape of 5-dimensional local space - Origin of the model
16.6.2 5-dimensional space and time has physical objectivity
16.6.3 Membership of local space and the angular momentum of the central mass M4
16.6.3.1 Maximum Angular Momentum
16.6.3.2 Angular Momentum for the Schwarzschild radius
16.6.4 Common location of matter waves in 5-dimensional local space
16.7 Motion in 5-dimensional local space and gravity-like-behaviour
16.7.1 Conservation of energy expression in 5-dimensional local space
16.7.2 General energy expression for the conservation of energy
16.7.3 All systems of coordinates apply to 5-dimensional local space
16.7.4 General energy expression and the Pound & Snider Experiment
16.7.4.1 Frame of reference of the gamma ray
16.7.4.2 Frame of reference of a "falling" body
16.7.4.3 Time dilation in the Pound & Snider experiment
16.8 Deflection of Light by the Sun
16.8.1 Photon and the path of closest approach to the Sun
16.8.2 Pound & Snider experiment related to photons passing the Sun
16.8.3 Key parameters for calculating photon deflection by the Sun
16.8.4 Deflection of the photon
16.8.5 Refractive Index of the space around the Sun
16.9 Summary: Motion in 5-dimensional local space is Gravity
Chapter 17 Structure of the Universe
17.1 Physics of the Doppler Effect in 4- and 5-dimensional space
17.2 5-dimensional space Astronomical/Cosmological Redshift
17.3 4-dimensional space Astronomical/Cosmological Redshift
17.4 5-Dimensional space and the Structure of the Universe
17.4.1 Finite physical boundary and unlimited time
17.4.2 Built-in Redshift
17.4.3 Distances between objects and observer
17.4.4 Creation and Loss of Matter in the Universe
17.5 Summary: Structure of the Universe
Appendix A Relativity and the Problem of Space
Appendix B Copenhagen interpretation
Appendix C Parameter change with"n" in 5-dimensional space
Appendix D Angular Velocity
Bibliography